Diversity of Mangroves - 1687 Words

Introduction Mangroves have different economic benefits. Nowadays, destruction of mangrove forest is very alarming. During the year 1918, mangroves forest is about 500, 000 hectares wide. In the Philippines, from the estimated 448, 000 hectares in 1920’s have been declined to 110, 000 hectares in the year 1990 and it reached 130, 000 hectares by the year 2000, as stated by Lunar and Laguardia (2012). Human anthropogenic activities such as conversion of mangroves into fishpond, shrimp farm, salt ponds, renovation and other forms of developing industries reduces the mangrove areas. The continuous reduction of mangrove forest have been used as different kind of materials like charcoal or for fire wood production, house materials and converting these mangrove forest into fish ponds establishment and in addition the expansion of coastal communities (Becira, 2006). According to Upadhyay et al., (2002), mangrove ecosystems have many ecological importances for maintaining marine life. Mangrove ec osystems are being studied with more interest worldwide because of their economic importance in support of commercial fisheries alone (Cintron et al. 1980). Uses and values of mangroves are many and varied. For example, they provide habitat as well as spawning and nursery ground for various marine species like fish, shellfish, crustaceans and other marine organisms, enrich the near-shore environment, act as windbreakers and protects the shoreline from storms, stabilize the shoreline, andShow MoreRelatedBiological Diversity in Mangrove Forests Essay587 Words   |  3 PagesMangrove forests provide habitats for many marine and terrestrial species. These intertidal zone forest support richest biological diversity and primary productivity and it also support the livelihood of millions of people across the world that is why the mangrove consider an ecosystem by itself and has its own food chain. Mangrove food chain actually depends majorly on the recycling of detritus, which come from the falling of mangrove leaves, so the mangrove is the main producers of the mangroveRead MoreEssay Mangrove Swamps1192 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland found on five out of seven continents between the latitudes 30 ºN and 30 ºS. Mangrove swamps are rich communities of both vegetative and animal species. The swamps are unique in the fact that they are a highly vegetated area found on the edge of marine coasts. The major vegetation in this area has adapted to absorb its water from the sea, and its oxygen from the air as opposed to the soil. This environment serves as home to many animal speciesRead MoreThe Mangrove Dynamics Of Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary726 Words   |  3 Pagesabove context, the current study describes the mangrove dynamics of Krishna wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) of Andhra Pradesh (AP) state using spatio-temporal satellite data. The study elucidates degradation of mangroves of this region along with the restoration steps taken by the forest department in collaboration with M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF). 2. Study area: Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) AP state ranks fourth in terms of mangrove areas (35,200 ha- FSI 2013) in the country andRead MoreEssay about Mangroves1312 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some people don’t like mangroves, regarding them as muddy, mosquito and crocodile infested swamps. In the past their removal was seen as a sign of progress. So what is the point of preserving them? For a start, an estimated 75 percent of fish caught commercially spend some time in the mangroves or are dependent on food chains which can be traced back to these coastal forests. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mangroves also protect the coast by absorbing the energy of stormRead MoreHow Does Precipitation Affect Precipitation Patterns1798 Words   |  8 Pagesprecipitation patterns caused by climate change may have a profound effect on both the growth of mangroves and their aerial extent (Field, 1995; Snedaker, 1995). Regional climate models predict that precipitation will decrease in certain areas (e.g., Central America during the months of winter, Australia in winter) (Houghton et al., 2001). Decreased precipitation may not only result in less freshwater input to mangroves, but it may also cause less freshwater input into the groundwater which has significantRead MoreEssay on Belize Barrier Reef Platform 1475 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in the area. In fact 178 species of vascular plants, including 32 non-native species make up the vegetation found. These are broken down into three distinct areas. They are the Mangrove forest which is made up of three major types of mangrove trees; the Buttonwood, the Red mangrove and the White mangrove. Next there is the Littoral forest. There are four types of trees which make up the Littoral forests and they are the Ziricote Cordia sevestena, the Teabox Myrica cerifera, the Gumbo LimboRead MoreThe Sea Level Of Bangladesh1548 Words   |  7 Pages The effects of sea level rise are profound throughout the western coastal zone as it is low-lying and the coastal lands are subsiding (Karim and Mimura 2008) . Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves will decrease in number unless they have a sufficient sediment supply to keep pace with Sea Level Rise. These physical impacts, in turn, have both direct and indirect socioeconomic implications, which appear to be immensely negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example, basedRead MoreSaving the Belize Barrier Reef1525 Words   |  7 Pageslagoons, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests. It provides a habitat for a large number of fish species and many endangered animals. With global warming issues, local activities, and mass tourism threatening the very existence of the reef, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) has made the Belize Barrier Reef part of the World Heritage list, which preserves and protects the cultural and na tural heritage around the world. Diversity of Life Forms The BelizeRead MoreThe Importance of Ecosystem Management and Protection.1510 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment, total preservation and the educating of the populace are becoming progressively more important in todays society and for the protection of ecosystems. Ecosystems such as the Amazon basin with its rich biodiversity including swamps, mangroves, forests and savannah and coral reefs with their large biodiversity of fish species are under threat from development and are shrinking rapidly. Preservation of ecosystems is important as an insurance to keep the Earth suitable for human occupancyRead MoreManaging and Protecting the Mangrove Forestry in the Philippines1921 Words   |  8 Pages`MANAGING AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRYIN THE PHILIPPINES` Saint John M.S. in Plant Science Prof.Choy `Subject Professor in Biol 210` March, 2009 MANAGING AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES INTRODUCTION MANGROVE DEFORESTATION KNOWN CONSEQUENCES OF MANGROVE DEFORESTATION HISTORY OF MAJOR MANGROVE HABITAT USES AND CHANGES IN THE PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF MANGROVE HABITAT CHANGES A. Environmental

Case Study Policy Maker Interview Essay - 1158 Words

Policy Maker Interview 1. Who was the policy maker and what level of authority does he/she have in setting policy or regulations that impacts health, healthcare or providers? Diana Alvarez, Senior Occupational Health Manager, is a registered nurse and certified case manager. D. Alvarez received a governor appointment in 2011, with state senate approval, to the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission (IWCC) Medical Fee Advisory Board. D. Alvarez, an employer representative, is one of nine members on the IWCC Medical Fee Advisory Board that equally represents employees, employers, and medical providers (D. Alvarez, personal communication, December 2, 2016). The board’s purpose is to advise the governor on legislation of medical service fees for medical provider services and accessibility to medical treatment for injured workers (Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission, 2016). In 2011, D. Alvarez participated in the IWCC legislation in reducing the Illinois’ workers’ compensation medical fees by 30% to lessen employer costs to prevent businesses leaving the state (Smith, 2016). According to D. Alvarez (personal communic ation, December 2, 2016), the representatives of the medical providers on the IWCC Medical Fee Advisory Board stated that this would impact access to medical care because the occupational health doctors’ service fees were decreased to the point that physician’s would choose not to treat injured employees under workers’ compensation insurance. She did notShow MoreRelatedThe Rationale Behind Rwandan Foreign Policy1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthese challenges, it was necessary for me to conduct elite interviews with government policy makers through field research. Intrinsic case study research methodology was the primary instrument in the gathering and interpretation of this thesis. 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Thematic analysis is an encoding qualitative information process, involving discovering, interpreting and reporting themes within data (Boyatzis, 1998, Spencer et al., 2014). Braun and Clarke (2006) propose decisions of ‘inductive or deductive’, ‘semantic or interpretative’, and ‘realist or constructionist’ for applying thematic analysis methods. This thesis applies the data-drivenRead MoreThe Development Of Organizational Policies1747 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Policy Development The development of organizational policies is important for every organization or jurisdiction. For instance, an organizational policy outlines the long-term strategy and vision of the organization, thus offering guidelines for operations, practices, and intended activities in the organization. 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It is, there are also policy changes that have a great impact on economic studies, this is when policy makers are involved. Policy makes are to introduce pilot schemes to test how proposed changes might work, as they â€Å"are individuals (usually members of the board of directors) who have the authority to set the policy framework of an organization†Read MoreNeed For Conflict Resolution On The Land Use Conflict Between Concessions Companies And Community Members Of The Nimba County1379 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature review and concepts about theoretical framework for customary land use and conflict, where we revise major subjects such as, Customary Land use Tenure in Liberia, Land Use Conflicts between Communities and Concessions companies in Liberia and Case of Sime Darby Concession in Liberia. The third chapter presents the methodology that focuses on land use conflict by concessions companies and its impacts on the community stakeholders and the Nimba community as a whole and examines its statisticalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Techniques Of Neutralising Wildlife Crime1461 Words   |  6 Pageswildlife crime are. The issue of wildlife crime is one that has been largely ignored within rural studies, this could be due to the methodological issues faced when attempting to research it, or due to the focus on urban crime within geographical studies. One of the main functions of this paper is to address the lack of research surrounding wildlife crime, the paper also aims to explore what a study of wildlife crime can offer us in terms of understanding of rural societies and contribution to theoretical

Commercial Law Contracting Parties

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law for Contracting Parties. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this question is if a contract has been created between the partie or not. For this purpose, it has to be seen if the essential elements that are required for creating a valid contract between the parties present and who were the parties to the contract. In this context, a contract can be described as an agreement that has been created between two or more parties and the terms of the contract have an effect on the rights and obligations of the parties that can be imposed by the law. However it is an objective question if the parties have arrived at an agreement in each case or in other words, if there is a meeting of the minds between the parties. Generally in such cases, the concept of offer and acceptance provide the starting point for analyzing if a valid contract has been created between the parties. Different offer can be described as a promise or the expression of willingness by the offeror that such party will be bound on some specific terms if these terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer has been made (Leong, 1998). It is also required that the other essential elements of a valid contract, like consideration and the intention of the parties to enter into legal relations is also present. Therefore in such a case, if the offer has been accepted by the other party, it will result in the formation of a valid contract between the parties. The law requires that the offer should be made with an intention to be bound by the offer. In view of this requirement, the statements that are made with a view to invite offers from the other party are not treated as valid offers, the acceptance of which will result in a valid contract (Smith v Hughes, 1871). Therefore such statements are considered as invitations to treat. In the present case, Alan wanted to sell the book, "Introduction to Business Law in Singapore". For this purpose, a posted a notice on his Facebook page in which he mentioned his willingness to sell the textbook along with the nodes that he had taken in the class. This notice cannot be treated as a noble but it was merely an invitation to treat as it has been made with the invite offers from other parties for purchasing the book. A return of this notice, Bernard had offered to purchase the book at a price of $150. The law requires that an offer should be accepted on the same terms and any variation in the terms of the contract amounts to a counter offer. When a counter offer is made, the effect is that the original of that is no longer available to be accepted by such party. Similarly in response to this notice on the Facebook page of Allen, his younger sister Charleen told him that he wanted to read business law and therefore she was ready to purchase the book for $200. In this case , it needs to be established that the parties had intention of entering into a legal relationship when Charleen made an offer to purchase the book. In the same way, Damien came to know regarding Alan's offer and he also wanted to purchase the textbook and the handwritten notes. Therefore, he sent an SMS to as an in which he made an offer to purchase the book. On 4 Nov, Damien saw Alan and gave the price of the book in cash. Alan accepted the money and told Damien that he will give the book and the notes to him on 7 Nov. In this way, it can be said that a contract has been formed between Damien and Alan. The reason is that in this case, all the elements that are required for the creation of a valid contract are present. Bernards legal position In this case, after seeing the message posted by Alan on his Facebook page, Bernard offered to purchase the material from Alan. However he was only ready to pay $150 for it. Therefore, in his reply, Bernard asked Alan if he can sell the material at a price of $150. In reply to this message, Alan said that he will sell the material at $200 only and in fact, he already had an offer for the same. Under these circumstances, Bernard decided to purchase the material from Alan at $200. But as he was going overseas for three days, he would $200 in an envelope and posted the same to Alan on the morning of 4 Nov. The envelope with the money was received by Alan on 5 Nov when he opened the letter box. However in this case it needs to be noted that when Bernard offered to purchase the material at $150, it can be said that he had made a counteroffer. The law contract provides that once an offer has been rejected by the party to whom the offer was made, such party can no longer accept the offer. I n the same way, the rejection of the offer may take place when the offer has been out rightly refused or when the offeree has made a counter offer (Dickinson v. Dodds, 1876). It is said that a counter offer has been made by the offeree when the offer is purported to be accepted but on different terms. In this way, according to the law contract, an offer should be accepted exactly on the same terms. If there is any variation in the terms of the offer while accepting the offer, the law considers that offeree has made a counter offer (Sinnadurai, 1987). Therefore even if the difference in the terms of the offer while accepting the offer is immaterial, still it will be treated as a counteroffer and the effect will be that the original offer will be considered to have been rejected (Kit-Wye, Yeo and Yang (eds), 1998). In this case, the law considers that when a counter offer has been made, the original offer is no longer available to such a party to be accepted later on. It is considered that the offeree has made a new offer in such a case. Therefore in this case, Bernard had made a counter offer to purchase the material at a price of $150, hence it is no longer available to Bernard to accept the original offer made by Alan, later on. Charleens Legal Position In this case, Alan's younger sister Charleen also saw the post on Alan's Facebook page in which he had mentioned his willingness to sell the textbook along with the handwritten notes for $200. Charleen also wanted to read business law. Therefore she told Alan that she wanted to purchase the textbook at $200. Alan did not reply and he merely smiled. The reason was that Alan thought that his sister, Charleen was not serious when she told him that she wanted to study commercial law at such a young age. However, Charleen asked Alan if she can give him the money on 6 Nov. In reply, Alan merely nodded as he was thinking about the performance of his favorite football team at that time. He later on went back to sleep. But on 6 Nov, Charleen put $200 on Alan's table. Therefore, the issue in this question is if a legally enforceable contract has been created between Alan and Charleen. This issue arises due to the fact that among the other essential elements that are required for the formation of a valid contract, it is also required that the parties should have the intention of entering into legal relations (Storer v. Manchester City Council, 1974). On the other hand, in case of social and domestic arrangements, the presumption is present according to which, the parties did not have the intention of entering into legal relationships. Therefore in such cases, it has to be established that the parties had the intention of forming legal relations. Another requirement that is applicable in this case is that the offer should be expressly accepted by the party to whom the offer has been made (Beatson, 1998). Therefore in this case, Alan had not expressly accepted the offer made by Charleen according to which she was ready to purchase the textbook at the price of $200. As in this case, the conclusion appears to be that a legally enforceable contract has not been created between Alan and Charleen. Damiens legal position In this case, Damien was not on Alan's Facebook account. He came to know regarding Alan's offer from Bernard and decided to accept the offer. For this purpose, he sent an SMS to Alan and expressed his willingness to purchase a commercial law material. Therefore, Damien asked Alan if he can give them the money on 4 Nov in Kaplan Higher Education. According, Damien gave $200 to Alan which was accepted by him as the payment for his commercial law material. Allen also told Damien that he will give the material to them on 7 Nov. but he gave his original textbook to Bernard and purchased a same textbook which he passed on to Damien along with his handwritten notes. Therefore, this amounts to a breach of contract one part of Alan. The various alternative dispute resolution options available and the pros/ cons with these options Apart from the traditional method of resolving disputes through litigation, several alternative dispute resolution methods are also available to the parties. When the parties are involved in a legal dispute, they may consider taking recourse to legal action for the purpose of protecting their interests. However in such a case, the parties are also concerned regarding the potential downside of the trial, like the potential time and money that has to be used for preparing for the trial and also the risks and pressures that are related with litigation. In this way, now the parties are realizing that litigation is not the only way to resolve their disputes. At the same time, the courts also encourages the parties to explore the alternative dispute resolution processes that may be appropriate for them. The main alternative dispute resolution processes that are available to the parties are radiation, natural evaluation and arbitration. In case of mediation, a neutral third party that is known as the mediator, guides and facilitates the parties in arriving at a mutually acceptable settlement through negotiations. Therefore in case of mediation, the mediator does not go into the question regarding the party is at fault in the dispute. On the other hand, the mediator helps the parties in focusing on the ways in which solutions can be found to the dispute that will fill their concerns and in this case a decision is not forced on the parties. The second method that can be used by the parties for resolving the dispute is that of neutral evaluation. In case of this method, a neutral third party, who is known as the evaluator, reviews the case and provides an evaluation of the merits of the case. In case of neutral evaluation, the parties along with their lawyers, present their case and also the key evidence. Then the evaluator provides his best estimate regarding the chances of success of each party at the trial. Another method that can be used by the parties for resolving their disputes is of arbitration. Under the process of arbitration, it is agreed between the parties that the dispute will be resolved by bringing the issue before a neutral third party, called the arbitrator, who gives his decision on the matter. Therefore when the arbitration proceedings are taking place, the parties along with their lawyers, present the case before the arbitrator. Therefore the decision given by the arbitrator is based on the merits of the case and similarly the decision is also binding on the parties. Therefore, the decision given by the arbitrator has to be followed by the parties. These are the methods that can be used by the parties to the present case also to resolve the dispute between them in place of litigation. References Andrew Phang Boon Leong, 1998, Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's Law of Contract, Second Singapore and Malaysian Edition, Butterworths Asia Dato' Visu Sinnadurai, 1987 The Law of Contractin Malaysia and Singapore: Cases and Commentary,2nd edn, Butterworths (Singapore) Beatson, 1998, Anson's Law of Contract,Twenty-Seventh Edition, Oxford University Press Lum Kit-Wye, Victor Yeo and Low Kee Yang (editor), 1998, Contract Law, Butterworths Asia pp. 202 Lum Kit-Wye, Victor Yeo and Low Kee Yang (eds), 1998, ContractLaw,Butterworths Asia S. Atiyah, 1995An Introduction to the Law of Contract,5th edn, Clarendon Press (Oxford) Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D. 463 Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 Storer v. Manchester City Council [1974] 3 All E.R. 824

The History of Bubble Gum free essay sample

It’s been around for centuries—from the ancient Greeks to the American Indians, everyone’s chewed it. But the best kind of gum—bubble gum! —wasn’t invented until 1928, when an enterprising young accountant at Fleer Gum and Candy used his spare time to experiment with different recipes. (McCarthy, 2010) II. Bubble gum is a type of chewing gum that is especially designed for blowing bubbles (McCarthy, 2010) III. Chewing bubble gum is a common habit in many countries, and although it can offer great pleasure to many individuals, it is also a nemesis for countless parents, school teachers and building custodians because this sticky intruder is often found in children’s hair, on bed posts and under tables, chairs and desk and or sticks to the soles of shoes (Kahtani, 1999). IV. Today I would like to inform you about the invention and commercialism of bubble gum, modern bubble gum today. Transition: Now that I’ve gotten your attention about bubble gum, let’s find out when and how it was invented. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Bubble Gum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Body I. Bubble gum was the â€Å"brain child† Frank Fleer of the Fleer Corporation (Wardlaw, 1997) A. In the early 1880, two brothers, Henry and Frank Fleer began experimenting with chicle the sticky substance found in sapodilla trees (Wardlaw, 1997) a. The tasteless chicle was called â€Å"Chicklets† B. In 1906, Frank Fleer unveiled the first bubble gum ever (Wardlaw, 1997) a. It was named Blibber-Bubble b. It was unsuccessful because it was to brittle c. It produced sticky wet bubbles that splattered when burst d. Had to be removed from the face with turpentine (Redclift, 2004) II. The major difference between bubble gum and chewing gum is the base a. Chewing gum base is a natural gum called chicle harvested from the sap of a tropical tree called a Sopapilla tree. This kind of gum is chewy, but it will not blow to form a large bubble (Khan, 2010) b. Bubble gum base, on the other hand, is a mixture of starches and polymers made in a laboratory and specially formulated to blow big bubbles (Khan, 2010) Transition: As time assed, many experiments were carried out to obtain different type of gums either in the form of chewing gum or in the form of a bubble gum. III. Bubble gum, as we know it, was created by â€Å"accident† A. In 1928, Walter Diemer and accountant for the Fleer Coporation, experimented on new gum recipes in his spare time (McCarthy, 2010) 1. It was less sticky than previous attempts a. It was named â€Å"Dubble Bubble† (McCarthy, 2010) 2. In Diemer’s words, It was an accident, I was doing something else and ended up with something with bubbles. (Khan, 2010) a. He was actually attempting to make a new rubber product b. Diemer colored his creation pink because it was the only food coloring he had at the time i. Though many colors of bubble gum are on the market, pink remains the most popular color. B. Diemer’s invention so successful that it sold over a million and a half dollars worth of gum in the first year (Wardlaw, 1997) 1. To test his new recipe, Diemer took samples of the new gum over to a local store and it sold out in a single day. (Wardlaw, 1997) a. By 1941 children were buying 45 million worth of bubble gum a year (Wardlaw, 1997) 2. Walter Diemer did not have the patent to his invention on his name and he also never received any money for his invention (Wardlaw, 1997). Transition: Now that I have given you a brief history of how bubble came into existence, let’s take a look at bubble gum today. III. Modern Bubble Gum A. Nowadays our consumption of bubble gum is a 19 billion dollar industry (McCarthy, 2010) 1. Bubble gum today has become a part and parcel of everybodys life a. Kids in North America spend approximately half a billion dollars on bubble gum every year. (Kahtani, 1999) b. The average American chews over 300 sticks of bubble gum each year c. Most bubble gum is sold between Holloween and Christmas Conclusion I. So, in conclusion, not only have you probably never considered the history of something as ordinary as bubble gum, I am hopeful that you were at least intrigued by some of my findings. II. Gum is one of the most popular, common and ancient things we put into our mouths every day. No matter what kind of gum you fancy, it’s always interesting to learn the history of something.